Animal Tissue Class 11 Notes PDF Free Download

Animal Tissue Class 11 Notes PDF Download Info

Animal Tissue Class 11 Notes PDF Free Download, Notes Pdf Maharashtra Board, Neet, Structural Organisation In Animals Class 11 Notes Pdf Download, Self Study, For Neet Pdf, Handwritten, Ncert.

Animal Tissue Class 11 Notes PDF

You Encountered A Wide Range Of Animal Kingdom Organisms In The Chapters Before, Both Multicellular And Unicellular. All Processes Like Digestion, Respiration, And Reproduction Are Carried Out By A Single Cell In Unicellular Organisms. Different Cell Groups Carry Out The Same Fundamental Functions In Multicellular Animals’ Complex Bodies In An Orderly Manner.

Different Cell Types Make Up The Body Of A Simple Organism Like The Hydra, And There May Be Thousands Of Cells In Each Kind. The Billions Of Cells That Make Up The Human Body Serve A Variety Of Purposes. How Do These Body Cells Interact With One Another? In Multicellular Animals, A Collection Of Related Cells And Extracellular Substances Carry Out A Certain Function. Such A Company Is Known As Tissue.

You May Be Surprised To Learn That There Are Just Four Basic Types Of Tissue Found In All Complex Animals. To Form An Organ Like The Stomach, Lungs, Heart, And Kidney, These Tissues Are Arranged In A Certain Pattern And Proportion.

Together, They Make Up An Organ System, Such As The Digestive Or Respiratory Systems, When Two Or More Organs Interact Physically Or Chemically To Carry Out A Common Task. The Work Is Divided Up By Cells, Tissues, Organs, And Organ Systems In A Way That Demonstrates Labour Division And Helps The Body As A Whole Survive.

The Cell’s Structure Varies Depending On What It Does. As A Result, The Tissues Vary And Can Be Broadly Divided Into The Following Four Types: (I) Epithelial, (Ii) Connective, (Iiii) Muscular, And (Iiv) Neural.

An Epithelial Tissue Is Often Referred To As An Epithelium (Pl.: Epithelia). This Tissue Has A Free Surface That Is Exposed To Either A Bodily Fluid Or The Environment Outside, Acting As A Covering Or Lining For A Particular Body Part. The Intercellular Matrix Is Little And The Cells Are Tightly Packed.

Simple Epithelium And Compound Epithelium Are The Two Types Of Epithelial Tissues. Simple Epithelium Serves As The Lining For Body Cavities, Ducts, And Tubes And Is Made Up Of Only One Layer Of Cells. The Compound Epithelium Has A Protective Role Similar To That Of Our Skin And Consists Of Two Or More Cell Layers.

Simple Epithelium Is Further Divided Into Three Types Based On The Structural Modification Of The Cells. These Are Squamous, Cuboidal, And Columnar In Order (Figure 7.1).

A Single Thin Layer Of Flattened Cells With Irregularly Spaced Boundaries Makes Up The Squamous Epithelium. They Are Located In Blood Vessel Walls And The Air Sacs Of The Lungs, And They Perform Tasks Such Forming Diffusion Boundaries.

One Layer Of Cube-shaped Cells Make Up The Cubic Epithelium. Its Primary Functions Are Secretion And Absorption, And It Is Often Found In The Tubular Parts Of Nephrons And Glandular Ducts In Kidneys. The Proximal Convoluted Tubule (Pct) Of The Nephron In The Kidney Has Microvilli On Its Epithelium. One Layer Of Tall, Slender Cells Make Up The Columnar Epithelium.

Their Base Is Where Their Nuclei Are. Microvilli May Be Found On A Free Surface. They Support Secretion And Absorption And Can Be Found In The Stomach And Intestine Lining.

The Term “Ciliated Epithelium” Refers To Columnar Or Cuboidal Cells That Have Cilia On Their Free Surface (Figure 7.1d). Their Purpose Is To Move Mucus Or Particles Across The Epithelium In A Certain Direction. They Are Mostly Found On The Inner Surfaces Of Hollow Organs Like The Fallopian Tubes And Bronchioles.

Glandular Epithelium Is A Class Of Columnar Or Cuboidal Cells That Are Specialized For Secretion (Figure 7.2). They Generally Come In Two Types: Multicellular, Consisting Of Cell Clusters, And Unicellular, Consisting Of Isolated Glandular Cells (Goblet Cells Of The Alimentary Canal) (Salivary Gland).

Exocrine And Endocrine Glands Are Two Categories Of Glands Based On The Way In Which Their Secretions Are Released. Mucus, Saliva, Earwax, Oil, Milk, Digestive Enzymes, And Other Cell Products Are All Secreted By Exocrine Glands. Ducts Or Tubes Are Used To Release These Products. Endocrine Glands Do Not Have Ducts, In Contrast. They Directly Secrete Hormone-related Products Into The Fluid That Surrounds The Gland.

Compound Epithelium Has A Limited Role In Secretion And Absorption Because It Is Made Of Multiple Layers (Multi-layered) Of Cells (Figure 7.3). Their Primary Duty Is To Provide Defence Against Mechanical And Chemical Stresses. They Protect The Inner Lining Of The Pancreatic Ducts, The Inner Surface Of The Dry Skin, The Moist Surface Of The Buccal Cavity, And The Pharynx.

Little Intercellular Material Holds The Epithelium’s Cells Together As A Whole. Specialized Junctions Offer Both Structural And Functional Links Between Its Individual Cells In Nearly All Animal Tissues. The Epithelium And Other Tissues Have Three Different Types Of Cell Junctions. Tight, Adhering, And Gap Junctions Are What They Are Known As.

Tight Junctions Aid In Preventing Fluid Leakage Across A Tissue. Adhering Junctions Cement Neighboring Cells Together By Holding Them Together. Gap Junctions Allow For The Rapid Transfer Of Ions, Small Molecules, And Sometimes Larger Molecules, Which Helps Cells Communicate With One Another.

The Body Of Complex Animals Has The Most Abundant And Evenly Distributed Connective Tissues. They Are Called Connective Tissues Because Of Their Unique Role In Tying Together And Supporting Other Body Tissues And Organs. They Range From Specialised Types Like Cartilage, Bone, Adipose, And Blood To Soft Connective Tissues.

The Cells In All Connective Tissues—aside From Blood—secrete Collagen Or Elastin Fibres, Which Are Structural Proteins. The Fibres Give The Tissue Strength, Elasticity, And Flexibility. Additionally, These Cells Secrete Modified Polysaccharides That Build Up Between Cells And Fibres And Serve As A Matrix (Ground Substance). Three Categories Of Connective Tissue Exist: Loose Connective Tissue, Dense Connective Tissue, And Specialised Connective Tissue.

Areolar Tissue Found Under The Skin Is An Example Of Loose Connective Tissue Because It Contains Cells And Fibres That Are Loosely Arranged In A Semi-fluid Ground Substance (Figure 7.4). It Often Acts As The Epithelium’s Structural Support System.

It Has Mast Cells, Fibroblasts, And Macrophages, Which Make And Secrete Fibres. Another Kind Of Loose Connective Tissue, Adipose Tissue Is Mostly Found Under The Skin. These Tissue’s Cells Have Been Specifically Designed To Store Fat. Fats Are Created From Excess Nutrients That Are Not Immediately Used And Are Then Stored In This Tissue.

The Dense Connective Tissues Are Densely Packed With Fibres And Fibroblasts. Dense Regular And Dense Irregular Tissues Are Identified By The Orientation Of The Fibres, Which Display A Regular Or Irregular Pattern. The Collagen Fibres Are Present In Rows Between Many Parallel Bundles Of Fibres In The Dense Regular Connective Tissues.

Examples Of This Tissue Include Ligaments That Join One Bone To Another And Tendon That Connects Skeletal Muscles To Bones. Fibroblasts And Numerous Fibres (Mostly Collagen) That Are Oriented Differently Are Found In Dense Irregular Connective Tissue (Figure 7.5). The Skin Contains This Tissue. There Are Several Types Of Specialised Connective Tissues, Including Cartilage, Bones, And Blood.

Cartilage Has A Solid, Pliable Intercellular Structure That Resists Compression. This Tissue’s Cells (Chondrocytes) Are Enclosed In Tiny Cavities Within The Matrix That They Secrete (Figure 7.6a). In Adult Vertebrate Organisms, The Majority Of The Cartilages Are Replaced By Bones. Adults Have Cartilage In Their Limbs, Hands, Outer Ear Joints, Tips Of Their Noses, Adjacent Vertebral Column Bones, And Joints In Their Limbs.

The Ground Substance In Bones Is Hard And Non-plastic, Rich In Calcium Salts And Collagen Fibers, Which Give Bone Its Strength (Figure 7.6b). It Is The Primary Tissue That Gives The Body Its Structural Framework. Softer Tissues And Organs Are Supported And Protected By Bones.

The Spaces Known As Lacunae Contain The Bone Cells (Osteocytes). Weight-bearing Functions Are Performed By Limb Bones, Including The Long Bones Of The Legs. They Also Work With The Skeletal Muscles That Are Connected To Them To Create Movement. Some Bones’ Bone Marrow Is Where Blood Cells Are Created.

Plasma, Red Blood Cells, White Blood Cells, And Platelets Are All Components Of Blood, Which Is A Fluid Connective Tissue (Figure 7.6c). It Serves As The Primary Circulating Fluid For Moving A Variety Of Substances. In Chapters 17 And 18, You Will Learn More Information About Blood.